# UNITED STATES HOLOCAUST MEMORIAL MUSEUM

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## Lend-Lease

Lend-lease was the term popularly given to the U.S. policy of extending material aid to the Allies before and after the United States entered World War II.

The origins of the policy may be traced back to the 1938 decision by the U.S. to permit weapons sales to Great Britain and France on a "cash and carry" basis. As a result of the policy--which was strongly opposed in the U.S. by isolationists, non-interventionists, and German sympathizers--Great Britain and France made considerable purchases of military and aviation products.

By 1940, for example, France, Britain, and Commonwealth countries bought nearly 90 percent of American aircraft production. In June 1940 alone, the Allies purchased some $43 million worth of war material. After the fall of France and the evacuation of Commonwealth forces from Dunkirk, Nazi Germany controlled western Europe. Great Britain stood largely alone in the summer of 1940, facing isolation and possible defeat. The fall of Britain could have resulted in German control of the north Atlantic. The need to rapidly rebuild the British armed forces was imperative, but Britain no longer had the financial resources needed to acquire vital war materiel or the means to get it safely to its destination.

Acting without prior announcement to the U.S. Congress, in September 1940 President Franklin D. Roosevelt turned over to the Royal Navy 50 outdated U.S. destroyers in an effort to assist British convoys in transferring war materiel acquired in the United States through the north Atlantic Ocean. In return, Britain gave the U.S. a number of long-term leases for naval and air bases in various British colonies in the Caribbean, Newfoundland, Bermuda, and elsewhere.

In response to the February 1941 plea of Prime Minister Winston S. Churchill to "give us the tools and we shall finish the job," President Franklin D. Roosevelt proposed a bill to allow the United States to "manufacture, sell, lend, transfer, lease, or exchange" weapons with any country that "the President deems vital for the defense of the United States." The bill raised a storm of controversy between supporters of intervention and isolationists, who saw this as a first step toward U.S. participation in the war. Despite the strong protests of isolationists, including Father Charles E. Coughlin, the Lend-Lease Act passed both houses of Congress by wide margins in March 1941.

An initial appropriation of $7 million was used up rapidly and the program was repeatedly renewed by Congress. By the end of the war the United States had transferred a total of $50 billion to 38 Allied countries and had received in reverse lend-lease materiel valued at about $8 billion.

The largest lend-lease recipients were Great Britain ($31 billion) and the Soviet Union ($11 billion). Incorporated in these figures was the value of goods such as aircraft, weapons, ammunition, clothing, medical supplies, foodstuffs, and raw materials transferred by land, sea, and air. Lend-lease played a vital role in keeping the Allied war machine operating, especially in the months preceding U.S. entry into the war.

Lend-lease cemented the role of the United States as the arsenal of democracy. U.S. industrial strength proved to be the decisive weapon of World War II. Lend-lease was terminated by President Truman in September 1945. Thereafter, American aid to friendly countries dovetailed with the economic recovery program popularly known as the Marshall Plan.

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