# UNITED STATES HOLOCAUST MEMORIAL MUSEUM

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## Warsaw Ghetto Uprising

Between July and mid-September 1942, the Germans deported at least 300,000 Jews from the Warsaw ghetto. For the 60,000 Jews remaining in the Warsaw ghetto, deportation seemed inevitable.

In response to the deportations, several Jewish underground organizations created an armed self-defense unit known as the Jewish Fighting Organization (Zydowska Organizacja Bojowa; ZOB). The Revisionist Party (right-wing Zionists) formed another resistance organization, the Jewish Fighting Union (Zydowski Zwiazek Wojskowy; ZZW). Although initially there was tension between the ZOB and the ZZW, both groups decided to work together to oppose German attempts to destroy the ghetto.

The Germans tried to resume mass deportations of Jews from Warsaw in January 1943. A group of Jewish fighters infiltrated a column of Jews being forced to the Umschlagplatz (transfer point) and, at a prearranged signal, broke ranks and fought their German escorts. After seizing 5,000-6,500 ghetto residents to be deported, the Germans suspended further deportations. Encouraged by the apparent success of the resistance, which they believed may have halted deportations, members of the ghetto population began to construct subterranean bunkers and shelters in preparation for an uprising should the Germans begin the final deportation of all remaining Jews in the reduced ghetto.

The Germans intended to begin deporting the remaining Jews in the Warsaw ghetto on April 19, 1943, the eve of Passover. When they entered the ghetto that morning, its streets were empty. The renewal of deportations was the signal for an armed uprising within the ghetto. Though organized military resistance was soon broken, individuals and small groups hid or fought the Germans for the following month, until May 16, 1943. The Warsaw ghetto uprising was the largest, symbolically most important Jewish uprising, and the first urban uprising, in German-occupied Europe.

ZOB commander Mordecai Anielewicz led resistance forces in the Warsaw ghetto uprising. In the first days of fighting, Anielewicz commanded the Jewish fighters in street battles with the Germans. On the third day of the uprising, forces under German commander SS General Juergen Stroop began burning the ghetto, building by building, to force the remaining Jews out of hiding. Jewish resistance fighters made sporadic raids from their bunkers, but the Germans systematically reduced the ghetto to rubble. Anielewicz and those with him were killed in an attack on his command bunker, which fell to German forces on May 8.

On May 16, 1943, Stroop ordered the Great Synagogue on Tlomacki Street destroyed to symbolize German victory. The ghetto itself was in ruins. Stroop reported that he had captured 56,065 Jews and destroyed 631 bunkers. He estimated that his units killed up to 7,000 Jews during the uprising. Approximately another 7,000 were deported to Treblinka, where they were killed. The Germans deported virtually all of the remaining Jews to the Poniatowa, Trawniki, and Majdanek camps.

The Germans had planned to liquidate the Warsaw ghetto in three days, but the ghetto fighters held out for more than a month.

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