# UNITED STATES HOLOCAUST MEMORIAL MUSEUM

All Articles

## Racism

The doctrine of racism asserts that blood is the marker of national-ethnic identity and postulates that innate, inherited characteristics biologically determine human behavior. With respect to the ultimate value of a human being, the racist places a higher value on his or her membership in a “race” than on his or her individuality. Racists define national-ethnic identity through the myth of “pure inherited blood,” though in practice they can only point to differences in visible but biologically superficial characteristics such as skin, hair and eye color.

Many intellectuals, including scientists and historians, have lent pseudoscientific support to racist thinking. In continental Europe, particularly in Germany and German-speaking Austria, nineteenth century racists perceived the highest human value as membership in a “collective racial nation.” Nineteenth century racist thinkers, such as Houston Stewart Chamberlain and Guido von List as well as racist politicians like Georg von Schönerer exerted a significant influence on many in the generation of Adolf Hitler.

Racism, including racial antisemitism, was always an integral part of German National Socialism. The Nazis perceived all of human history as the history of a biologically determined struggle between races. They postulated that political movements such as Marxism, communism, pacifism, and internationalism were anti-nationalist and reflected a dangerous, racially based Jewish intellectualism.

In 1931, the SS established a Race and Settlement Main Office (RuSHA) to conduct race "research" and to determine the racial suitability of prospective candidates for SS membership and potential spouses for SS members. During the war, RuSHA experts made pseudo-scientific determinations of who was German and who had the “racial potential” to be German. Such determinations could mean the difference between life and death, as in cases in which a pregnancy resulted from a sexual relationship between a Polish forced laborer in Germany and a German woman. If deemed by the “race examiner” to be a Pole incapable of “Germanization,” the Polish father was likely to be hanged.

Two years after the Nazis came to power, in 1935, the German government decreed the Nuremberg Laws, which codified a supposedly biological definition of Jewishness. The Nazi leadership considered the so-called Jewish race to be not only the most inferior of “races,” but the most dangerous, since the Nazis attributed to the Jews inherited talent to mobilize the inferior, but more numerous “races” against the so-called superior races in a titanic biological struggle. Having “defined” Jewishness, the Nazi implemented a policy aimed at the physical elimination of the European Jews during World War II.

Nazi racists had always viewed the mentally and physically disabled as blemishes upon the genetic landscape of the so-called master race and, insofar as they were capable of conceiving children, as a biological danger to the purity of the German Aryan “race.” After careful planning and data collection during the summer and autumn of 1939, German physicians murdered people with mental and physical disabilities or illnesses who resided in institutions throughout Germany. The Nazi leadership and the German health care community euphemistically referred to the series of operations aimed at the physical annihilation of the so-called unfit as "euthanasia".

During the war, German physicians conducted bogus medical experiments seeking to identify physical evidence of German Aryan racial superiority to other so-called races. Despite killing countless prisoners in the course of these experiments, they could not find a scientific basis for their racial theories. Indeed, despite attempts of racists for two hundred years to discover "scientific" evidence of inherited inferiority of certain so-called races, biological science does not support the racist notion of racial differences between different groups of human beings that go beyond superficial external physical characteristics, such as skin or eye color. Moreover, there is no scientific basis for the notion that possession of a certain skin or eye color denotes superior or inferior physical or mental health or abilities or inherited personality traits.

The Nazi regime targeted Roma (Gypsies) as “racially inferior” and sufficiently “dangerous” to warrant elimination through mass murder. During twelve years of Nazi rule German Roma were incarcerated in prisons, labor camps and concentration camps. During World War II, the Germans, consistent with Nazi racial policy, shot Roma and deported them to killing centers.

Also included among the so-called inferior races in Nazi ideology were the Slavic peoples of Eastern Europe and the Asian ethnic groups of the Soviet Union. During World War II, the Nazi leadership set about what they referred to as an "ethnic housecleaning" in occupied Poland and the Soviet Union. This policy included the murder and annihilation of enemy "races." The Germans carried out systematic mass killings of persons considered to be members of Polish and Soviet political, cultural, and intellectual elites, and systematically selected from among captured Soviet prisoners of war persons perceived to have “Asian” or “Mongolian” characteristics in order to shoot them.

The Nazis also perceived German residents of African nationality or descent as inferior and dangerous and planned for their eventual disappearance -- within a generation -- through a mass sterilization policy. Though this policy was not consistently applied, the German authorities routinely and viciously persecuted and discriminated against German residents of African descent.

From their racism, the Nazis drew the practical consequence that “inferior peoples” had to either be physically eliminated altogether immediately by mass murder or within a generation by sterilization -- as in policies towards Jews, Roma, persons with disabilities living in institutions, and German residents of African descent -- or intellectually decapitated through mass murder of the leadership elites and reduction of the surviving population into an reservoir of uneducated forced manual laborers.

No photos are available
No testimonies are available
No films are available
No songs are available