{"id":173,"date":"2006-07-08T20:35:40","date_gmt":"2006-07-08T12:35:40","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.darkmirage.com\/2006\/07\/08\/beginners-japanese-chapter-i-verbs\/"},"modified":"2006-08-18T06:56:57","modified_gmt":"2006-08-17T22:56:57","slug":"beginners-japanese-chapter-i-verbs","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/www.darkmirage.com\/2006\/07\/08\/beginners-japanese-chapter-i-verbs\/","title":{"rendered":"Beginner’s Japanese – Chapter I – Verbs"},"content":{"rendered":"

So we finally reach the start of lesson one. Defining the terms took longer than I expected… Please make sure that you have read through the basic term definitions in Chapter 0<\/a> before continuing.<\/p>\n

\"Nagato<\/p>\n

I assume that people who read this blog are, more often than not, fansub watchers. So for the first lesson today, instead of talking about “watashi wa John desu”, I’ll begin with something slightly<\/em> more advance.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Part I: Verb Groups<\/h3>\n

Anyway, verbs. There are three main categories of verbs in Japanese and they are usually referred to as “Group 1”, “Group 2” and “Group 3”. Creative names huh. Usually when you start to learn Japanese as a foreigner, all the verbs you encounter end with “-masu”, such as ikimasu<\/em> and tabemasu<\/em> The truth is, the “-masu” suffix is a tense and you will never find the word “ikimasu” in a dictionary. The words are actually iku<\/em> and taberu<\/em>.<\/p>\n

I will be presenting all the examples using the dictionary form and I will explain how and why they are converted to the “-masu” form.<\/p>\n

Examples<\/h3>\n

Group 1<\/b>
\n\u00e6\u2030\u201c\u00e3\u0081\u00a4 utsu<\/em>
\n\u00e8\u00aa\u00ad\u00e3\u201a\u20ac yomu<\/em>
\n\u00e8\u0081\u017e\u00e3\u0081\u008f kiku<\/em>
\n\u00e7\u00aa\u0081\u00e3\u0081\u00a3\u00e8\u00be\u00bc\u00e3\u201a\u20ac tsukkomu<\/em>
\n\u00e6\u02c6\u00b8\u00e6\u0192\u2018\u00e3\u0081\u2020 tomadou<\/em>
\n\u00e7\u0160\u00af\u00e3\u0081\u2122 okasu<\/em>
\n\u00e6\u00ad\u00bb\u00e3\u0081\u00ac shinu<\/em>
\n\u00e5\u00bd\u201c\u00e3\u0081\u0178\u00e3\u201a\u2039 ataru<\/em>
\n\u00e5\u00b8\u00b0\u00e3\u201a\u2039 kaeru<\/em>
\n\u00e5\u2026\u00a5\u00e3\u201a\u2039 hairu<\/em>
\n\u00e5\u02c6\u2021\u00e3\u201a\u2039 kiru<\/em>
\n\u00e3\u0081\u201a\u00e3\u201a\u2039 aru<\/em>
\n\u00e8\u00a1\u0152\u00e3\u0081\u008f iku<\/em><\/p>\n

Group 2<\/b>
\n\u00e6\u00b6\u02c6\u00e3\u0081\u02c6\u00e3\u201a\u2039 kieru<\/em>
\n\u00e7\u009d\u20ac\u00e3\u201a\u2039 kiru<\/em>
\n\u00e5\u00a5\u008f\u00e3\u0081\u00a7\u00e3\u201a\u2039 kanaderu<\/em>
\n\u00e9\u20ac\u0192\u00e3\u0081\u2019\u00e3\u201a\u2039 nigeru<\/em>
\n\u00e5\u00a4\u2030\u00e3\u0081\u02c6\u00e3\u201a\u2039 kaeru<\/em>
\n\u00e3\u0081\u201e\u00e3\u201a\u2039 iru<\/em>
\n\u00e9\u00a3\u0178\u00e3\u0081\u00b9\u00e3\u201a\u2039 taberu<\/em>
\n\u00e5\u00af\u009d\u00e3\u201a\u2039 neru<\/em>
\n\u00e5\u20ac\u0178\u00e3\u201a\u0160\u00e3\u201a\u2039 kariru<\/em>
\n\u00e8\u0090\u0152\u00e3\u0081\u02c6\u00e3\u201a\u2039 moeru<\/em>
\n\u00e7\u201e\u00bc\u00e3\u0081\u2018\u00e3\u201a\u2039 yakeru<\/em>
\n\u00e5\u02c6\u2020\u00e3\u0081\u2018\u00e3\u201a\u2039 wakeru<\/em>
\n\u00e7\u201d\u0178\u00e3\u0081\u008d\u00e3\u201a\u2039 ikiru<\/em>
\n\u00e7\u201d\u0178\u00e3\u0081\u00be\u00e3\u201a\u0152\u00e3\u201a\u2039 umareru<\/em><\/p>\n

Group 3<\/b>
\n\u00e3\u0081\u2122\u00e3\u201a\u2039 suru<\/em>
\n\u00e3\u0081\u008f\u00e3\u201a\u2039 kuru<\/em>
\n\u00e5\u00ad\u02dc\u00e5\u0153\u00a8\u00e3\u0081\u2122\u00e3\u201a\u2039 sonzai suru<\/em>
\n\u00e6\u20ac\u00a7\u00e4\u00ba\u00a4\u00e3\u0081\u2122\u00e3\u201a\u2039 seikou suru<\/em>
\n\u00e6\u00b5\u00ae\u00e6\u00b0\u2014\u00e3\u0081\u2122\u00e3\u201a\u2039 uwaki suru<\/em>
\n\u00e5\u00a4\u2030\u00e6\u203a\u00b4\u00e3\u0081\u2122\u00e3\u201a\u2039 henkou suru<\/em><\/p>\n

I think if I leave you to stare at the examples long enough, you will see some pattern as to how the groups are determined. There are some exceptions of course, but generally the pattern is easy to understand. And for those of you who read Japanese, yes some of the examples are meant to be weird. ;)<\/p>\n

Group 3<\/h3>\n

First things first, let’s get the easiest group out of the way.<\/p>\n

There are only two Group 3 verbs: \u00e3\u0081\u008f\u00e3\u201a\u2039 kuru<\/em> (“to come”) and \u00e3\u0081\u2122\u00e3\u201a\u2039 suru<\/em> (“to do”). The rest are just various combinations of noun + suru<\/em> (literally “to do [noun]”). <\/p>\n

Simple huh.<\/p>\n

As for differentiating Group 1 and Group 2 verbs, the first rule of thumb is by the last hiragana character.<\/p>\n

Group 1<\/h3>\n

Group 1 verbs end with one of the following hiragana:
\n\u00e3\u0081\u2020\u00e3\u20ac\u20ac\u00e3\u0081\u008f\u00e3\u20ac\u20ac\u00e3\u0081\u0090\u00e3\u20ac\u20ac\u00e3\u0081\u2122\u00e3\u20ac\u20ac\u00e3\u0081\u00a4\u00e3\u20ac\u20ac\u00e3\u0081\u00ac\u00e3\u20ac\u20ac\u00e3\u201a\u2039\u00e3\u20ac\u20ac\u00e3\u201a\u20ac \u00e3\u0081\u00b6
\nu ku gu su tsu nu ru mu bu<\/em><\/p>\n

Group 2<\/h3>\n

Group 2 verbs always end with \u00e3\u201a\u2039 ru<\/em>.
\nThe second last hiragana in a Group 2 verb will always have either a trailing “e” (read “ei” like “A” in “ABC”) or “i” (read “yi”, like “E” in “EFG”) sound. For example, \u00e5\u02c6\u2020\u00e3\u0081\u2018<\/strong>\u00e3\u201a\u2039 wake<\/strong>ru<\/em>.<\/p>\n

General Guidelines<\/h3>\n

A verb that ends with anything but -ru<\/em> is ALWAYS Group 1, but the reverse is not true. \u00e5\u00bd\u201c\u00e3\u0081\u0178\u00e3\u201a\u2039 ataru<\/em> ends with a -ru<\/em>, but it is Group 1 and not 2 because the second last hiragana does not have a trailing “e” or “i” sound. \u00e5\u00b8\u00b0\u00e3\u201a\u2039 kaeru<\/em>, \u00e5\u2026\u00a5\u00e3\u201a\u2039 hairu<\/em> and \u00e5\u02c6\u2021\u00e3\u201a\u2039 kiru<\/em> on the other hand all fulfill the Group 2 requirements, but yet they are in Group 1. As with all language rules, there are exceptions and there is no way around it but pure memorization.<\/p>\n

\"Nagato<\/p>\n

Note that all the rules only apply for the dictionary form of verbs. The trailing hiragana changes depending on the tense, in which case it will not match the ones above. But if you are certain that a word is in its dictionary form and yet the last hiragana does not fit any of those listed above, then it is most likely not a verb.<\/p>\n

If you observe the kanji and the trailing hiragana for each group, you can probably notice a better way to differentiate the two groups, but I am not going to cover it because it is somewhat more confusing (for those who want to try, the only exception for that rule is \u00e5\u00af\u009d\u00e3\u201a\u2039 neru<\/em> being in Group 2).<\/p>\n

Review<\/h3>\n

Let’s say you encounter the verb \u00e6\u00b3\u00b3\u00e3\u0081\u0090 oyogu<\/em> (“to swim”)<\/p>\n

First you check the trailing hiragana: \u00e3\u0081\u0090 gu<\/em>
\nResult: Group 1. Only Group 1 verbs can end with -gu<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Another example: \u00e5\u008f\u00b1\u00e3\u201a\u2039 shikaru<\/em> (“to scold”).<\/p>\n

First you check the trailing hiragana: \u00e3\u201a\u2039 ru<\/em>
\nResult: Inconclusive, -ru<\/em> can be found in both groups.<\/p>\n

Then you check the second last hiragana: \u00e3\u0081\u2039 ka<\/em> (\u00e5\u008f\u00b1\u00e3\u201a\u2039 when written out in full hiragana is \u00e3\u0081\u2014\u00e3\u0081\u2039\u00e3\u201a\u2039)
\nResult: ka<\/em> does not end with a trailing “e” or “i” sound, therefore \u00e5\u008f\u00b1\u00e3\u201a\u2039 shikaru<\/em> is Group 1.<\/p>\n

It’s pretty simple, you just have to remember the exceptions that end with -iru<\/em> or -eru<\/em> and yet are in Group 1. Some common exceptions are \u00e5\u00b8\u00b0\u00e3\u201a\u2039 kaeru<\/em> (“to return home”), \u00e5\u2026\u00a5\u00e3\u201a\u2039 hairu<\/em> (“to enter”) and \u00e5\u02c6\u2021\u00e3\u201a\u2039 kiru<\/em> (“to cut”).<\/p>\n

Exercise<\/h3>\n

Using the rules I’ve given above, try to group the following in Group 1 or 2.<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. \u00e9\u00a8\u2019\u00e3\u0081\u0090 sawagu<\/em> Group 1.<\/spoiler><\/li>\n
  2. \u00e5\u2026\u00a5\u00e3\u201a\u0152\u00e3\u201a\u2039 ireru<\/em> Group 2.<\/spoiler><\/li>\n
  3. \u00e5\u00a4\u2030\u00e3\u201a\u008f\u00e3\u201a\u2039 kawaru<\/em> Group 1.<\/spoiler><\/li>\n
  4. \u00e5\u008d\u00a0\u00e3\u0081\u2020 uranau<\/em> Group 1.<\/spoiler><\/li>\n
  5. \u00e5\u203a\u017e\u00e3\u201a\u2039 mawaru<\/em> Group 1.<\/spoiler><\/li>\n
  6. \u00e9\u0081\u00bf\u00e3\u0081\u2018\u00e3\u201a\u2039 sakeru<\/em> Group 2.<\/spoiler><\/li>\n
  7. \u00e7\u2014\u203a\u00e3\u201a\u20ac itamu<\/em> Group 1.<\/spoiler><\/li>\n
  8. \u00e7\u201e\u00bc\u00e3\u0081\u008f yaku<\/em> Group 1.<\/spoiler><\/li>\n
  9. \u00e7\u201d\u0178\u00e3\u0081\u2039\u00e3\u0081\u2122 ikasu<\/em> Group 1.<\/spoiler><\/li>\n
  10. \u00e6\u00ac\u00a0\u00e3\u0081\u2018\u00e3\u201a\u2039 kakeru<\/em> Group 2.<\/spoiler><\/li>\n
  11. \u00e9\u2122\u008d\u00e3\u201a\u0160\u00e3\u201a\u2039 oriru<\/em> Group 2.<\/spoiler><\/li>\n
  12. \u00e6\u2030\u201c\u00e3\u0081\u00a1\u00e5\u0090\u02c6\u00e3\u201a\u008f\u00e3\u0081\u203a\u00e3\u201a\u2039 uchiawaseru<\/em> Group 2.<\/spoiler><\/li>\n
  13. \u00e8\u00a9\u00a6\u00e3\u0081\u2122 tamesu<\/em> Group 1.<\/spoiler><\/li>\n
  14. \u00e7\u0152\u00ab\u00e3\u0081\u00bf\u00e3\u0081\u00bf nekomimi<\/em> Not a verb. Neko Mimi Mode desu~~~<\/spoiler><\/li>\n
  15. \u00e3\u0081\u00b6\u00e3\u0081\u00a3\u00e6\u017d\u203a\u00e3\u0081\u2018\u00e3\u201a\u2039 bukkakeru<\/em> Group 2. It’s really a verb.<\/spoiler><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    \"Chibi<\/p>\n

    Part II: “-masu” Form<\/h3>\n

    I will spend the second half of this introduction to Japaese verbs by teaching the -masu<\/em> form. Most language schools teaching Japanese as a foreign language will actually start with the -masu<\/em> form first before teaching the dictionary form.<\/p>\n

    This is due to two main reasons. The first is because the -masu<\/em> form is much more polite than the dictionary form. In fact, -masu<\/em> is also known as the polite form. So by teaching a foreign student who has just started learning Japanese the polite form first, he or she would not go around offending people unknowingly. Tense manipulation in the polite form is also simpler.<\/p>\n

    Conversion<\/h3>\n

    Here’s how you convert dictionary form to polite form.<\/p>\n

    Group 1<\/h3>\n

    Example: \u00e5\u2019\u00b2\u00e3\u0081\u008f saku<\/em> (“to blossom”)<\/p>\n

    Assuming you know your hiragana table<\/a>, take the trailing hiragana from the verb, which is \u00e3\u0081\u008f ku<\/em> in this case, and match it with the hiragana that is in the same row but has a trailing “i” sound. What we want is ki<\/em>.<\/p>\n

    The “k-” row: \u00e3\u0081\u2039\u00e3\u20ac\u20acka<\/em>\u00e3\u20ac\u20ac\u00e3\u0081\u008d\u00e3\u20ac\u20acki<\/em>\u00e3\u20ac\u20ac\u00e3\u0081\u008f\u00e3\u20ac\u20acku<\/em>\u00e3\u20ac\u20ac\u00e3\u0081\u2018\u00e3\u20ac\u20acke<\/em>\u00e3\u20ac\u20ac\u00e3\u0081\u201c\u00e3\u20ac\u20acko<\/em><\/p>\n

    Replacing ku<\/em> with ki<\/em> and add masu<\/em> to the end, and viola! We get \u00e5\u2019\u00b2\u00e3\u0081\u008d\u00e3\u0081\u00be\u00e3\u0081\u2122 sakimasu<\/em>. This works for all Group 1 verbs.<\/p>\n

    Other examples:<\/p>\n

    \n\u00e6\u2030\u201c\u00e3\u0081\u00a4 utsu<\/em> = \u00e6\u2030\u201c\u00e3\u0081\u00a1\u00e3\u0081\u00be\u00e3\u0081\u2122 uchimasu<\/em>
    \n\u00e8\u00aa\u00ad\u00e3\u201a\u20ac yomu<\/em> = \u00e8\u00aa\u00ad\u00e3\u0081\u00bf\u00e3\u0081\u00be\u00e3\u0081\u2122 yomimasu<\/em>
    \n\u00e8\u0081\u017e\u00e3\u0081\u008f kiku<\/em> = \u00e8\u0081\u017e\u00e3\u0081\u008d\u00e3\u0081\u00be\u00e3\u0081\u2122 kikimasu<\/em>
    \n\u00e7\u00aa\u0081\u00e3\u0081\u00a3\u00e8\u00be\u00bc\u00e3\u201a\u20ac tsukkomu<\/em> = \u00e7\u00aa\u0081\u00e3\u0081\u00a3\u00e8\u00be\u00bc\u00e3\u0081\u00bf\u00e3\u0081\u00be\u00e3\u0081\u2122 tsukkomimasu<\/em>
    \n\u00e6\u02c6\u00b8\u00e6\u0192\u2018\u00e3\u0081\u2020 tomadou<\/em> = \u00e6\u02c6\u00b8\u00e6\u0192\u2018\u00e3\u0081\u201e\u00e3\u0081\u00be\u00e3\u0081\u2122 tomadoimasu<\/em>
    \n\u00e7\u0160\u00af\u00e3\u0081\u2122 okasu<\/em> = \u00e7\u0160\u00af\u00e3\u0081\u2014\u00e3\u0081\u00be\u00e3\u0081\u2122 okashimasu<\/em>
    \n\u00e6\u00ad\u00bb\u00e3\u0081\u00ac shinu<\/em> = \u00e6\u00ad\u00bb\u00e3\u0081\u00ab\u00e3\u0081\u00be\u00e3\u0081\u2122 shinimasu<\/em>
    \n\u00e5\u00bd\u201c\u00e3\u0081\u0178\u00e3\u201a\u2039 ataru<\/em> = \u00e5\u00bd\u201c\u00e3\u0081\u0178\u00e3\u201a\u0160\u00e3\u0081\u00be\u00e3\u0081\u2122 atarimasu<\/em>
    \n\u00e5\u00b8\u00b0\u00e3\u201a\u2039 kaeru<\/em> = \u00e5\u00b8\u00b0\u00e3\u201a\u0160\u00e3\u0081\u00be\u00e3\u0081\u2122 kaerimasu<\/em><\/p>\n

    Group 2<\/h3>\n

    Too simple. Just take off the trailing \u00e3\u201a\u2039 ru<\/em> and replace with masu<\/em><\/p>\n

    Examples:<\/p>\n

    \n\u00e6\u00b6\u02c6\u00e3\u0081\u02c6\u00e3\u201a\u2039 kieru<\/em> = \u00e6\u00b6\u02c6\u00e3\u0081\u02c6\u00e3\u0081\u00be\u00e3\u0081\u2122 kiemasu<\/em>
    \n\u00e7\u009d\u20ac\u00e3\u201a\u2039 kiru<\/em> = \u00e7\u009d\u20ac\u00e3\u0081\u00be\u00e3\u0081\u2122 kimasu<\/em>
    \n\u00e5\u00a5\u008f\u00e3\u0081\u00a7\u00e3\u201a\u2039 kanaderu<\/em> = \u00e5\u00a5\u008f\u00e3\u0081\u00a7\u00e3\u0081\u00be\u00e3\u0081\u2122 kanademasu<\/em>
    \n\u00e9\u20ac\u0192\u00e3\u0081\u2019\u00e3\u201a\u2039 nigeru<\/em> = \u00e9\u20ac\u0192\u00e3\u0081\u2019\u00e3\u0081\u00be\u00e3\u0081\u2122 nigemasu<\/em>
    \n\u00e5\u00a4\u2030\u00e3\u0081\u02c6\u00e3\u201a\u2039 kaeru<\/em> = \u00e5\u00a4\u2030\u00e3\u0081\u02c6\u00e3\u0081\u00be\u00e3\u0081\u2122 kaemasu<\/em>
    \n\u00e3\u0081\u201e\u00e3\u201a\u2039 iru<\/em> = \u00e3\u0081\u201e\u00e3\u0081\u00be\u00e3\u0081\u2122 imasu<\/em>
    \n\u00e9\u00a3\u0178\u00e3\u0081\u00b9\u00e3\u201a\u2039 taberu<\/em> = \u00e9\u00a3\u0178\u00e3\u0081\u00b9\u00e3\u0081\u00be\u00e3\u0081\u2122 tabemasu<\/em><\/p>\n

    Group 3<\/h3>\n

    There are only two of them, so just memorize.<\/p>\n

    \u00e3\u0081\u2122\u00e3\u201a\u2039 suru<\/em> = \u00e3\u0081\u2014\u00e3\u0081\u00be\u00e3\u0081\u2122 shimasu<\/em>
    \n\u00e3\u0081\u008f\u00e3\u201a\u2039 kuru<\/em> = \u00e3\u0081\u008d\u00e3\u0081\u00be\u00e3\u0081\u2122 kimasu<\/em>
    \n\u00e5\u00ad\u02dc\u00e5\u0153\u00a8\u00e3\u0081\u2122\u00e3\u201a\u2039 sonzai suru<\/em> = \u00e5\u00ad\u02dc\u00e5\u0153\u00a8\u00e3\u0081\u2014\u00e3\u0081\u00be\u00e3\u0081\u2122 sonzai shimasu<\/em>
    \n\u00e6\u20ac\u00a7\u00e4\u00ba\u00a4\u00e3\u0081\u2122\u00e3\u201a\u2039 seikou suru<\/em> = \u00e6\u20ac\u00a7\u00e4\u00ba\u00a4\u00e3\u0081\u2014\u00e3\u0081\u00be\u00e3\u0081\u2122 seikou shimasu<\/em><\/p>\n

    Polite Past Tense<\/h3>\n

    “I went.”<\/p>\n

    This is pretty easy too. Just change the suffix from masu<\/em> to mashita<\/em>, no matter which group it is. This applies to polite form only. I will be covering tenses for dictionary form at a later date.<\/p>\n

    \u00e8\u00aa\u00ad\u00e3\u0081\u00bf\u00e3\u0081\u00be\u00e3\u0081\u2122 yomimasu<\/em> = \u00e8\u00aa\u00ad\u00e3\u0081\u00bf\u00e3\u0081\u00be\u00e3\u0081\u2014\u00e3\u0081\u0178 yomimashita<\/em>
    \n\u00e6\u00b6\u02c6\u00e3\u0081\u02c6\u00e3\u0081\u00be\u00e3\u0081\u2122 kiemasu<\/em> = \u00e6\u00b6\u02c6\u00e3\u0081\u02c6\u00e3\u0081\u00be\u00e3\u0081\u2014\u00e3\u0081\u0178 kiemashita<\/em>
    \n\u00e3\u0081\u2014\u00e3\u0081\u00be\u00e3\u0081\u2122 shimasu<\/em> = \u00e3\u0081\u2014\u00e3\u0081\u00be\u00e3\u0081\u2014\u00e3\u0081\u0178 shimashita<\/em><\/p>\n

    Polite Negative<\/h3>\n

    “I [will not \/ do not] go.”<\/p>\n

    Japanese does not differentiate between “will not” and “do not” and uses negative in both cases. Again, what I have here is for the polite form only. The normal negative form will be covered at a later date. Simply replace all masu<\/em> with masen<\/em><\/p>\n

    \u00e8\u00aa\u00ad\u00e3\u0081\u00bf\u00e3\u0081\u00be\u00e3\u0081\u2122 yomimasu<\/em> = \u00e8\u00aa\u00ad\u00e3\u0081\u00bf\u00e3\u0081\u00be\u00e3\u0081\u203a\u00e3\u201a\u201c yomimasen<\/em>
    \n\u00e6\u00b6\u02c6\u00e3\u0081\u02c6\u00e3\u0081\u00be\u00e3\u0081\u2122 kiemasu<\/em> = \u00e6\u00b6\u02c6\u00e3\u0081\u02c6\u00e3\u0081\u00be\u00e3\u0081\u203a\u00e3\u201a\u201c kiemasen<\/em>
    \n\u00e3\u0081\u2014\u00e3\u0081\u00be\u00e3\u0081\u2122 shimasu<\/em> = \u00e3\u0081\u2014\u00e3\u0081\u00be\u00e3\u0081\u203a\u00e3\u201a\u201c shimasen<\/em><\/p>\n

    Polite Negative Past<\/h3>\n

    “I did not go.”<\/p>\n

    This is simply a matter of adding deshita<\/em> to the end of the polite negative form.<\/p>\n

    \u00e8\u00aa\u00ad\u00e3\u0081\u00bf\u00e3\u0081\u00be\u00e3\u0081\u2122 yomimasu<\/em> = \u00e8\u00aa\u00ad\u00e3\u0081\u00bf\u00e3\u0081\u00be\u00e3\u0081\u203a\u00e3\u201a\u201c\u00e3\u0081\u00a7\u00e3\u0081\u2014\u00e3\u0081\u0178 yomimasen deshita<\/em>
    \n\u00e6\u00b6\u02c6\u00e3\u0081\u02c6\u00e3\u0081\u00be\u00e3\u0081\u2122 kiemasu<\/em> = \u00e6\u00b6\u02c6\u00e3\u0081\u02c6\u00e3\u0081\u00be\u00e3\u0081\u203a\u00e3\u201a\u201c\u00e3\u0081\u00a7\u00e3\u0081\u2014\u00e3\u0081\u0178 kiemasen deshita<\/em>
    \n\u00e3\u0081\u2014\u00e3\u0081\u00be\u00e3\u0081\u2122 shimasu<\/em> = \u00e3\u0081\u2014\u00e3\u0081\u00be\u00e3\u0081\u203a\u00e3\u201a\u201c\u00e3\u0081\u00a7\u00e3\u0081\u2014\u00e3\u0081\u0178 shimasen deshita<\/em><\/p>\n

    Review<\/h3>\n

    Converting to and from polite form is pretty easy so I won’t make an exercise for it. Or I’m just too lazy to. :3 You just have to remember the two Group 3 verbs and the general rule for the Group 1 verbs. Even a chimpanzee can convert Group 2 verbs to polite form.<\/p>\n

    Similarly, converting from polite present to polite past, polite negative or polite negative past is a simple matter of following the general rule. There are no exceptions for these three rules. Hurray.<\/p>\n

    \"Neko<\/p>\n

    Conclusion<\/h3>\n

    In the first chapter, we talked about:<\/p>\n

      \n
    1. Verb groups<\/li>\n
    2. Dictonary form<\/li>\n
    3. Polite \/ “-masu” form<\/li>\n
    4. Polite past, negative and past negative<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      Have fun~ Check back some time again for the second chapter if I ever get to writing it.<\/strike> Turns out I did finally write it… Click on the link below.<\/p>\n

      P.S. I do realize that the pictures have nothing to do with the topic… ;)<\/p>\n

      \n
      \u00c2\u00ab Chapter 0<\/a><\/div>\n
      Chapter II<\/a> \u00c2\u00bb<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

      So we finally reach the start of lesson one. Defining the terms took longer than I expected… Please make sure that you have read through the basic term definitions in Chapter 0 before continuing. I assume that people who read … Continue reading →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[12],"tags":[1095,338],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.darkmirage.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/173"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.darkmirage.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.darkmirage.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.darkmirage.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.darkmirage.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=173"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"http:\/\/www.darkmirage.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/173\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.darkmirage.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=173"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.darkmirage.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=173"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.darkmirage.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=173"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}